Fungi Break down organic compounds

Fungi Break down organic compounds saprobic get nutrients form nonliving ornganic matter carry out extracellular digestion and absortion Benefits plants, releasing nutrients in the soil Pathogens Human Ascomycota Histoplamosis Respoatory diseas inhalation of sproes Ajellpmuces capsulatus spores found ins soil with bird or bat droppings fatal to people wit hweakedn immune systems Valley Fever Candida "yeast" infections Ringworm Athlete's foot Ergotism causes hallucinations vomiting and diarrhea people infected with this have been accused of being witches and werewolves Basidiomycota some fatal if eaten Plant Ascomycota chestnut blight Duch elm disease apple scab Basidiomycota smut on cereal grain Claviceps purpurea parasitic to grains produce alkaliods used medicinally cause ergotism rust on wheat Soil food supplies Used to produce antibiotics ex: Penicillium blue cheese Hetrotrophic - no photosynthesis aquires organic molecules from enviorment Parasitic - extract nutrients form living host My celium (tangled fuzz) multicellular feeding sturcture tublar branches called hyphye (fuzzy branches) aseptate (nucleui are not separated septate (nucleui are separated) Cell walls contain chitin (like bugs) cellulosse Extracellular digestion Mycelium grons into food source hyphae decrete digestive enzymes Enzymes break down organic material simple nutrients are absorbed by hyphae No Motile stage (no cilla or flagella) Spores made of one or few cells resist dehydration remain dormant produced Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduciton Spores greminate after dispersal multicelled species spores give rise to new mycelium 56,000 species of fungi Classified based on type of sexual spores Fungi on decline decline correlates to air pollution if fungal symbions of trees and other plants are killed ecosystems will be sidsruped Four phylums Basidiomycota (club fungi) Club fungi make basidiospores on the surface of club shaped (basidium) Mushrooms Coprinus mushrooms (common food) Shelf fungi Coral Fungi Stinkhorns Puffballs Rusts Reproduction hyphal cells of two mating starains meet cytoplasm fuse to form dicaryotic cyciliym (two nucleoui) Reprodoductive structure basidiocarp forms Sporbearing stucturs are on basidiocarp nuclei fuse to produce zygote zygote meiosis> produce haploid spores spores produce haploid mycilia Imperfect Fungi (not yet classified) Species have never benn observed to form sexula spores many make asexual spores Arthrobtrys dactyloides capture prey (like nemotoad) in nooselike hyphe (Eu)Penicillium make antibiotics

Zygomycota Zygomycete hyphae fuse to produce a thick walled zygospore Mycorrhiza fungus root (name means) mutialisitic with tree roots fungi gets sugars from plant plant gets minerals from gungus many plants do not grow well with out common in temperate forests in 80% of vascular plants endomycorrhizae inside root cell ectomycorrhizae forms net around tree and plant roots Rhizopus stonlifer reproduce sexually hyphae stranes meet at point of contact they form gametangia gametangia tipes fuse form zygosporanggium muclei inside zygosporagngium fuse to produce (2N) zygo spore zygospore (can remain dormant) Meiosis of zygote nuclei produces hapliod (1N) spore asexually <img src="http://www.siera104.com/sections/Biology/fungi/lifecycle_zygomacota.JPG" height="232" width="376" />

Ascomycota (sac fungi) Most diverse group of fungi Reproduction Asexual spores called conida Sexual ascospore in sac called asci Mulit celled species form reporductive structures caleed ascocaprs that enclose asci Sac fungi produce ascospores inside parent cell, ascus Morels (Morchella esculenta) Peziza Lichen Fungi and mutialistic chorophyta or cynobactera Symbionts (symbiotic realationship photosynthetic organisms Lichen survice in hostial habiats and are first in succession absorb mineral ions from substrates from rocks and trees fix nintogen, by converting atmospheric nitrogen for plants to use sensitive to enviormental changes an enviormental indecatior absorbs toxins but can't get rid of them fungi is bulk of structure <img src="http://www.siera104.com/sections/Biology/fungi/lifecycle_ascomycota.JPG" height="301" width="487" />

Basidiomycota (club fungi) Club fungi make basidiospores on the surface of club shaped (basidium) Mushrooms Coprinus mushrooms (common food) Shelf fungi Coral Fungi Stinkhorns Puffballs Rusts Reproduction hyphal cells of two mating starains meet cytoplasm fuse to form dicaryotic cyciliym (two nucleoui) Reprodoductive structure basidiocarp forms Sporbearing stucturs are on basidiocarp nuclei fuse to produce zygote zygote meiosis> produce haploid spores spores produce haploid mycilia <img src="http://www.siera104.com/sections/Biology/fungi/lifecycle_basidiomycota.JPG" height="336" width="544" />

Imperfect Fungi (not yet classified) Species have never benn observed to form sexula spores many make asexual spores Arthrobtrys dactyloides capture prey (like nemotoad) in nooselike hyphe (Eu)Penicillium make antibiotics